Adult-Gerontology Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) Practice Exam

What is not considered a risk factor for breast cancer in a 55-year-old female?

1. Age over 50

2. Two or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer

3. Early menopause

4. Nulliparity

The correct answer is: Early menopause

In considering risk factors for breast cancer, early menopause is not typically recognized as a contributing factor. In fact, early menopause is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer because it reduces the duration of estrogen exposure over a woman's lifetime. Estrogen plays a significant role in promoting the growth of certain types of breast cancer cells; thus, a shorter exposure to estrogen may lead to lower risk. In contrast, age over 50 is a well-established risk factor, as breast cancer incidence increases significantly with age, particularly in women over 55. The presence of two or more first-degree relatives with a history of breast cancer represents a strong genetic predisposition, increasing the likelihood of developing the condition. Additionally, nulliparity, or having no children, has been linked to elevated breast cancer risk due to prolonged estrogen exposure without the protective effects of pregnancy, which can alter hormonal levels. Understanding these factors is crucial in risk assessment and can guide recommendations for screening and preventive measures for women who may have elevated risk based on their personal and family histories.